Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is an evidence-based trauma therapy. EMDR therapy explained covers the unique approach involving bilateral stimulation while processing traumatic memories.
The EMDR approach
Developed by Francine Shapiro in 1987. Key components:
- Identifying disturbing memories
- Bilateral stimulation (typically eye movements following therapist’s hand)
- Tapping or sounds also used
- Brief recall of memory while doing bilateral stimulation
- Reprocessing memory with reduced emotional intensity
The 8 phases of EMDR
- History taking
- Preparation (resources, stabilization)
- Assessment (identifying target)
- Desensitization (bilateral stimulation while focusing on memory)
- Installation (positive cognition)
- Body scan
- Closure
- Reevaluation
Conditions with evidence
- PTSD (recommended by APA, WHO, VA)
- Single-incident trauma
- Complex trauma
- Some research for anxiety, depression, phobias
Effectiveness
Substantial evidence for PTSD comparable to trauma-focused CBT. Some patients find EMDR easier than detailed verbal trauma processing.
What to expect
Sessions:
- 60-90 minutes
- Therapist asks you to recall memory while moving eyes back and forth
- Brief sets of 30-60 seconds
- Discussion between sets
- Memories often become less distressing
- Number of sessions varies (often 8-12 for single trauma, more for complex)
Who shouldn’t do EMDR
- Active psychosis
- Severe dissociation needing stabilization first
- Active substance abuse
- Severe self-harm not stabilized
Finding an EMDR therapist
- EMDRIA-certified therapists (EMDR International Association)
- Verify training
- Trauma specialization helpful
Frequently Asked Questions
Is EMDR pseudoscience?
No — substantial evidence base. The mechanism debated but effectiveness established.
How does eye movement help trauma?
Several theories. Possibly resembles REM sleep processing or working memory disruption.
How long does EMDR take?
Single trauma: 8-12 sessions. Complex trauma: longer.
Is EMDR covered by insurance?
Generally yes, particularly for PTSD.
Does EMDR work for non-PTSD?
Limited evidence outside PTSD but used for trauma-related anxiety, phobias.
The bottom line on EMDR
Evidence-based trauma therapy with growing acceptance. Effective for PTSD comparable to other trauma therapies. Find EMDRIA-certified therapist.